⁓ vocabulary learning studies are mostly akin to nonsense syllables; no deep encoding

reading e.g. ❐ Desirable Difficulties in Vocabulary Learning most of the cited example read like ~ learning variables are harder to control with complex learning material, therefore most researchers use simplified, itemized material a la Ebbinghaus (c.f. memorize Swahili with no previous knowledge); extremely little stuff like sentence production is one

this is an incentive problem in ◊ learning research: aiming for an easy to defend p-value, not for "how can we teach a language as effective as possible"

• similar to incentive problem in SR